Post-foaling Problems in Mares: Retained Placenta

Spring is finally here, and foaling season is upon us. After delivery, it is important to closely monitor both the mare and foal in the immediate postpartum period. Usually mares recover uneventfully after foaling, however problems may occur that can greatly compromise the health and future fertility of the mare. It is crucial that abnormalities be recognized early to allow for timely veterinary treatment.

Retained placenta is the most common postpartum problem in the mare. It is considered an emergency if the mare does not pass the entire placenta within 3 hours after delivery of the foal. With proper treatment, most mares will pass the retained tissue without suffering systemic illness. However, even small pieces of placenta left in the uterus can cause serious problems. Possible consequences of retained placenta include metritis (inflammation, infection of the uterus), septicemia (bacteria and toxins in the bloodstream), laminitis (founder), and even death. The first line of treatment is oxytocin administration, which promotes uterine contractions and facilitates the release of the placental attachments from the endometrium (inner lining of the uterus).

Other treatments may include uterine lavage, gentle manual manipulation by a veterinarian, and systemic anti-inflammatories and antibiotics. Metritis/Septicemia/Laminitis complex is the most serious complication of a retained placenta, and is a life-threatening systemic illness that requires intense treatment. Clinical signs usually become evident 12-24 hours after foaling, with fetid vulvar discharge presenting as the hallmark clinical sign.

Other signs include depression, fever, inappetence, and reddish-purple mucous membranes. Treatment involves uterine lavage and antibiotics, oxytocin, systemic anti-inflammatories and broad spectrum antibiotics, and supportive care including IV fluids.

When a retained placenta is recognized and addressed promptly, the condition is often resolved without serious complications. Without proper treatment, however, consequences can be grave. After the placenta has passed, it is important to examine the placenta for completeness, as well as abnormal tears, thickening, or discoloration. Preparation for potential problems and close observation of your mare and foal will help to get them through the crucial postpartum period and off to a great start. 

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